1 What he says?

Last modified on 29. October 2026 at 10:30:38

“A quote.” — Dan Meyer

1.1 General background

Figure 1.1: Statistics aim to capture an image of reality by generating data. However, the data is only a fraction of reality and a vague representation. Moreover, your dataset is random, but it feels important to you. In statistics, two main processes are important. First, data generation, and second, drawing conclusions about reality from the data using a model.

Figure 1.2: The three geometrical shapes that most define statistics. The circle or dot represents either a single observation or a population of many observations. This can also be interpreted as data. The line represents the model. It can be curved or straight and runs through the data points. Finally, the square describes the deviation between the observed and modelled data points. This deviation is commonly called error.

Definition 1.1 (Statistics) In statistics we translate data into probabilities to make model-based decisions.

Definition 1.2 (Probability) A probability describes the frequency of observing an event.

Conditional probabilities are always bound to a given subset.

In statistics the event is not happening.

\[ Pr(\text{your data} \mid \text{no event}) \]

Definition 1.3 (Data) \[ \mbox{Data are} \begin{bmatrix} \mbox{perceptions} \\ \mathbf{information} \\ \mbox{sensations} \end{bmatrix} \mbox{cast into numbers.} \] Although data only represents a fraction of reality, it is possible to draw conclusions about reality itself.

See Definition 1.3.

1.2 Theoretical background

1.3 R packages used

1.4 Data

1.5 Alternatives

Further tutorials and R packages on XXX

1.6 Glossary

term: what does it mean.

1.7 The meaning of “Models of Reality” in this chapter.

itemize with max. 5-6 words

1.8 Summary

References

```{r echo = FALSE, warning = FALSE, message=FALSE}
source("init.R")
source("images/part_0/part_0_says.R")
```

# What he says? {#sec-temp}

*Last modified on `r format(fs::file_info("chapter-00-what-he-says.qmd")$modification_time, '%d. %B %Y at %H:%M:%S')`*

> *"A quote." --- Dan Meyer*

## General background

```{r}
#| message: false
#| echo: false
#| warning: false
#| fig-align: center
#| fig-height: 3.2
#| fig-width: 9
#| fig-cap: "Statistics aim to capture an image of reality by generating data. However, the data is only a fraction of reality and a vague representation. Moreover, your dataset is random, but it feels important to you. In statistics, two main processes are important. First, data generation, and second, drawing conclusions about reality from the data using a model."
#| label: fig-what-he-says-1
p1_what_he_says 
```

```{r}
#| message: false
#| echo: false
#| warning: false
#| fig-align: center
#| fig-height: 2.75
#| fig-width: 9
#| fig-cap: "The three geometrical shapes that most define statistics. The circle or dot represents either a single observation or a population of many observations. This can also be interpreted as data. The line represents the model. It can be curved or straight and runs through the data points. Finally, the square describes the deviation between the observed and modelled data points. This deviation is commonly called error."
#| label: fig-what-he-says-2
p2_what_he_says
```



::: {#def-stat}
## Statistics

In statistics we translate [data](#def-data) into [probabilities](#def-prob) to make model-based decisions.
:::

::: {#def-prob}
## Probability

A probability describes the frequency of observing an event.

Conditional probabilities are always bound to a given subset.

In statistics the event is not happening.

$$
Pr(\text{your data} \mid \text{no event})
$$
:::

::: {#def-data}
## Data

$$
\mbox{Data are} 
\begin{bmatrix}
\mbox{perceptions} \\
\mathbf{information} \\
\mbox{sensations} 
\end{bmatrix} 
\mbox{cast into numbers.} 
$$
Although data only represents a fraction of reality, it is possible to draw conclusions about reality itself.
:::

See @def-data.

## Theoretical background

## R packages used

## Data

## Alternatives 

Further tutorials and R packages on XXX

## Glossary

term

: what does it mean.

## The meaning of "Models of Reality" in this chapter.

- itemize with max. 5-6 words

## Summary

## References {.unnumbered}